Air Conditioning Service Near Me: Specialist Cooling Service Ensures Your Home Remains Cool And Comfortable Throughout Hot Days

Types of Air Conditioning Repair Solutions

Ever had your a/c unit sputter to a stop simply as the summertime sun peaks? It's a discouraging scenario-- one that makes you understand how many parts must work in harmony for cool air to flow. From frozen coils to refrigerant leakages, the obstacles differ, however the solutions don't have to be a mystery.

Typical Air Conditioner Repair Work Categories

Refrigerant Recharge and Leak Repair: Without the right amount of refrigerant, your system struggles to cool your area. Identifying leakages is essential to bring back performance.
Compressor and Fan Motor Fixes: These components are the heart and lungs of your AC. When they stop working, air flow and cooling capacity drop.
Thermostat Calibration and Replacement: In some cases the culprit is your thermostat sending mixed signals-- adjusting or swapping it out brings convenience back on track.
Electrical Element Repair Work: Faulty electrical wiring or capacitors disrupt efficiency, typically triggering unanticipated shutdowns or unpredictable behavior.
Drain Line Cleansing and Repair: Obstructed condensate lines can cause water damage and system shutdowns if ignored.

How Bold City Heating and Air Manages These Difficulties

Think of walking into your home after a sweltering day, greeted by a sanctuary of cool air. Bold City Heating and Air changes that dream into truth by mastering every element of AC repair work. They do not just spot leaks or swap parts-- they identify the source with surgical precision.

Frozen coils? They thaw the problem and prevent future freeze-ups. Electrical glitches? They trace every wire to guarantee stability and security. Thermostat difficulties? They fine-tune settings for perfect climate control. No problem is too twisted, no malfunction too unknown.

What sets Bold City apart is their commitment to thoroughness. Each repair work unfolds like a carefully choreographed dance, ensuring your system runs smoothly, effectively, and silently. It's not simply about fixing what's broken; it has to do with restoring assurance and cool convenience, all while extending the life of your system.

Deciphering the Mysteries of A/c Malfunctions

Imagine stepping into your home after a scorching day, just to be greeted by a wave of warm, stagnant air. That sinking feeling? It typically implies your a/c system is struggling. Among the myriad of missteps, refrigerant leaks often play the bad guy. Not only do they sap the cooling power, but they quietly wear down efficiency, leaving your energy costs to balloon. Have you ever wondered why your AC cycles on and off so often? This phenomenon, called short biking, could be the system's desperate cry for assistance due to dirty filters or defective thermostat calibration.

Professional Insights: Decoding the Indications

Bold City Heating and Air recognizes how frustrating it can be when your unit refuses to blow cold air or, even worse, floods your home with unexpected moisture. Their professionals approach each concern with a detective's accuracy. Obstructed condensate drains often masquerade as minor inconveniences however can lead to water damage if disregarded.

Tips and Tricks Only Pros Share

Routinely check and clean your evaporator coil; dust buildup can lower cooling effectiveness by as much as 30%.
Ensure your thermostat is placed far from direct sunshine or heat-emitting appliances to prevent incorrect readings.
Listen for unusual noises like rattling or hissing-- these often precede compressor or refrigerant issues.
Look for ice development on coils; it signifies airflow constraint and demands immediate attention.

Typical Problems and Their Treatments

Issue	Possible Cause	Quick Fix
Warm Air Blowing	Refrigerant leak or unclean filter	Seal leaks and change filters
Brief Cycling	Thermostat or electrical problems	Recalibrate thermostat and inspect circuitry
Water Leakage	Blocked condensate drain	Clear the drain pipeline
Unusual Noises	Loose parts or compressor problems	Tighten parts or service compressor

Essential Instruments for Detecting A/c Difficulties

Ever attempted fixing an a/c with simply a screwdriver and a prayer? The reality is much more technical. The heart of reliable air conditioner repair work depend on the accuracy of the tools wielded. A manifold gauge set, for example, isn't just an elegant gadget; it's the mechanic's stethoscope, revealing the hidden pressures within the system's veins. Without it, thinking the refrigerant levels resembles reading tea leaves.

Bold City Heating and Air grasps how essential these subtle readings are. They approach each system with a toolkit that's not simply detailed but meticulously calibrated, guaranteeing every twist, turn, and valve modification hits the mark. Their understanding of the subtleties in pressure fluctuations and temperature gradients changes a job from uncertainty to science.

Tools That Transform Repair Work into Art

Digital Multimeter: Measures voltage, present, and resistance. Identifies electrical faults that can silently undermine your a/c unit.
Thermometer: Important for pinpointing temperature level differentials throughout coils, showing air flow or refrigerant problems.
Drip Detectors: Using UV color or electronic sensors, these unveil the unnoticeable leaks that drain performance.
Vacuum Pumps: Leave moisture and air, essential in preparing the system for a perfect recharge.

In my experience, even the tiniest ignored detail-- like a slightly broken gasket-- can waterfall into a system-wide inadequacy - Bold City Heating and Air. Strong City's specialists do not just fix; they expect the subtle whispers of wear and tear before they shout out as breakdowns

Insider Tips from the Field

Constantly double-check manifold gauge readings at different times of the day; ambient temperature shifts can affect precision.
Utilize a microamp clamp meter to discover faint electrical draws that recommend failing capacitors or motors.
When evacuating a system, look for the "searching" impact in the vacuum gauge, an expert hint suggesting trapped moisture.

Tools are only as excellent as the hands that wield them. Bold City Heating and Air's proficiency of their instruments elevates a/c repair from a simple service to a carefully tuned craft.

Important Precaution for AC Repair Work

Electrical threats lurk in every corner of ac system repair work, specifically when dealing with capacitors holding recurring charge. Have you ever wondered why an abrupt shock can surprise even seasoned service technicians? It's since a charged capacitor can save unsafe energy long after the unit is powered down. That's why Bold City Heating and Air demands extensive discharge procedures before touching any elements.

Working around refrigerants demands not only accuracy but likewise alertness. Leaks can quietly toxin the air or cause frostbite on contact. When dealing with these unnoticeable hazards, protective gear isn't optional-- it's a lifeline. They understand that fumbling without appropriate gloves and safety glasses belongs to dancing with danger.

For those venturing into DIY fixes, hearken these expert tips:

Always cut power at the breaker panel before opening the unit.
Utilize a multimeter to verify absolutely no voltage before continuing.
Use insulated gloves and eye defense to defend against electrical shock and refrigerant exposure.
Deal with refrigerant lines with care-- prevent punctures or sharp bends that can cause leakages.
Keep a fire extinguisher ranked for electrical fires nearby.

Think of the scary of an unexpected trigger in a dirty, enclosed space-- fires spark in the blink of an eye. Bold City Heating and Air's professionals use meticulous cleansing regimens to remove dust accumulation that might otherwise fuel unexpected combustion.

Safety Checklist Before Beginning Repairs

Safety Step	Why It Matters
Power Isolation	Prevents unexpected electrocution and devices damage
Capacitor Discharge	Removes stored electrical energy that can cause shocks
Protective Gear Usage	Shields skin and eyes from refrigerants and particles
Drip Detection	Makes sure air quality and prevents refrigerant loss
Workspace Ventilation	Reduces inhalation risks and dissipates combustible gases

In the realm of a/c repair, hurrying through security checks resembles avoiding steps on a high wire-- one error can waterfall into catastrophe. Bold City Heating and Air's dedication to these precautions changes a risky endeavor into a controlled, foreseeable operation. They remain watchful, understanding that real proficiency in air conditioner repair work is as much about protecting lives as it has to do with bring back comfort.

Cooling Solutions in Jacksonville, FL

Jacksonville, FL is a dynamic city understood for its comprehensive park system, gorgeous beaches, and thriving arts scene. As the biggest city by area in the continental United States, it uses residents and visitors a lot of outdoor activities, consisting of boating along the St - Bold City Heating and Air. Johns River and checking out the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens. The city's warm climate makes efficient air conditioning essential for comfort and health throughout the year

For those in requirement of cooling services, Bold City Heating and Air offers expert assistance and complimentary assessments to help guarantee your home or organization stays cool and comfy. Reach out to them for dependable guidance and options on a/c repair tailored to your requirements.

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Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens: This Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens showcases a varied collection of art covering different eras and cultures. Visitors can also explore lovely formal gardens overlooking the St. Johns River in Jacksonville FL.
Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens: Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens presents a wide collection of animals and plants from around the globe. It provides engaging displays, instructive activities, and preservation initiatives for guests of all years. Jacksonville FL
Museum of Science and History: The Museum of Science & History in Jacksonville FL features interactive exhibits and a planetarium suitable for all ages. Guests can explore science, history, and culture through interesting displays and educational programs.
Kingsley Plantation: Kingsley Plantation is a historical site that provides a glimpse into Florida plantation history, including the lives of enslaved people and the planter family. Visitors can investigate the grounds, including the slave quarters, plantation house, and barn. Jacksonville FL
Fort Caroline National Memorial: Fort Caroline National Memorial honors the 16th-century French effort to establish a colony in Florida. It offers exhibits and trails exploring the history and natural environment of the area in Jacksonville FL.
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve safeguards one of the remaining unspoiled coastal wetlands on the Atlantic Coast. It preserves the history of the Timucuan Indians, European explorers, and plantation owners.
Friendship Fountain: Friendship Fountain is a big, well-known water fountain in Jacksonville FL. It features impressive water features and lights, which makes it a favorite site and meeting spot.
Riverside Arts Market: Riverside Arts Market in Jacksonville FL, is a vibrant week-to-week arts and crafts market under the Fuller Warren Bridge. It showcases local craftspeople, live music, food sellers, and a stunning view of the St. Johns River.
San Marco Square: San Marco Square is a lovely shopping and eating district with a European-style atmosphere. It is famous for its high-end boutiques, restaurants, and the famous fountain with lions. Jacksonville FL
St Johns Town Center: St. Johns Town Center is an exclusive outdoor retail center in Jacksonville FL, featuring a blend of luxury retailers, popular labels, and restaurants. It is a top spot for purchasing, eating, and recreation in North East Florida.
Avondale Historic District: Avondale Historic District showcases appealing early 20th-century architecture and specialty shops. It's a dynamic neighborhood known for its nearby restaurants and historical character. Jacksonville FL
Treaty Oak Park: Treaty Oak Park is a gorgeous park in Jacksonville FL, home to a huge, ancient oak tree. The park offers a peaceful escape with trails and picturesque views of the St. Johns River.
Little Talbot Island State Park: Little Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL provides untouched shores and varied habitats. Guests can experience recreation such as hiking, camping, and observing wildlife in this unspoiled coastal setting.
Big Talbot Island State Park: Big Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL, offers stunning coastal scenery and diverse ecosystems for outdoor enthusiasts. Explore the unique boneyard beach, walk picturesque trails, and observe abundant wildlife in this lovely natural preserve.
Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park: Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park in Jacksonville FL, offers a stunning beach, wooded trails, and a 60-acre fresh water lake for leisure. It is a favored spot for camping, surfing, kayaking, and biking.
Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens: Jacksonville Arboretum & Gardens provides a beautiful natural escape with varied trails and specialty gardens. Guests can discover a variety of plant life and relish tranquil outdoor recreation.
Memorial Park: Memorial Park is a 5.25-acre park that serves as a homage to the more than 1,200 Floridians who gave their lives in World War I. The area includes a statue, pool, and gardens, providing a place for remembrance and thought. Jacksonville FL
Hemming Park: Hemming Park is Jacksonville FL's oldest park, a historical public square hosting events, bazaars, and social gatherings. It provides a green space in the center of downtown with art installations and a vibrant ambiance.
Metropolitan Park: Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville FL provides a lovely waterfront setting for gatherings and recreation. With play areas, a concert venue, and scenic vistas, it is a popular spot for residents and tourists as well.
Confederate Park: Confederate Park in Jacksonville FL, was initially named to honor Confederate soldiers and sailors. It has since been renamed and re-purposed as a space for community events and recreation.
Beaches Museum and History Park: Beaches Museum & History Park safeguards and communicates the distinct history of Jacksonville's beaches. Investigate exhibits on nearby life-saving, surfing, and original beach communities.
Atlantic Beach: Atlantic Beach provides a lovely coastal town with gorgeous beaches and a calm atmosphere. Guests can experience surfing, swimming, and discovering local shops and restaurants in Jacksonville FL.
Neptune Beach: The city of Neptune Beach provides a classic Florida beach town feeling with its sandy shores and laid-back atmosphere. Guests can partake in surfing, swimming, and exploring local shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
Jacksonville Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a lively coastal city famous for its grainy beaches and surfing scene. It provides a blend of leisure activities, dining, and nightlife beside the Atlantic Ocean.
Huguenot Memorial Park: This park provides a stunning beachfront spot with options for camping, fishing, and birdwatching. Guests can appreciate the natural charm of the region with its diverse wildlife and scenic coastal views in Jacksonville FL.
Castaway Island Preserve: Castaway Island Preserve in Jacksonville FL, provides picturesque trails and boardwalks through varied ecosystems. Guests can relish walks in nature, bird watching, and discovering the beauty of the shoreline environment.
Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park: Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park in Jacksonville FL preserves the earthen remnants of a Civil War Southern fort. Visitors can discover the historic location and discover regarding its significance by way of interpretive exhibits.
Mandarin Museum & Historical Society: The Mandarin Museum & Historical Society safeguards the past of the Mandarin neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. Guests are able to explore displays and artifacts that display the region's special past.
Museum of Southern History: The Museum of Southern History exhibits relics and displays connected to the history and culture of the Southern United States. Guests are able to investigate a variety of topics, such as the Civil War, slavery, and Southern art and literature. Jacksonville FL
The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary: The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary in Jacksonville FL, offers guided foot tours to view saved big cats and other uncommon animals. It's a non-profit organization committed to offering a secure, loving, forever home for these animals.

Air Conditioning Installation: Proper placement of cooling systems guarantees efficient and pleasant indoor climates. This critical process ensures best performance and lifespan of climate control units.
Air Conditioner: Air Conditioners cool indoor spaces by extracting heat and humidity. Proper installation by certified technicians ensures efficient performance and optimal climate control.
Hvac: Hvac systems govern heat and air's condition. They are vital for creating climate control solutions in buildings.
Thermostat: The Thermostat is the primary component for adjusting temperature in climate control systems. It signals the cooling unit to activate and deactivate, keeping the preferred indoor environment.
Refrigerant: Refrigerant is vital for temperature control systems, extracting heat to generate cool air. Correct management of refrigerants is vital during HVAC installation for effective and secure operation.
Compressor: This Compressor is a vital component of the cooling system, pumping refrigerant. The process is essential for efficient temperature regulation in climate control systems.
Evaporator Coil: The Evaporator Coil absorbs heat from inside air, cooling it down. This component is vital for efficient climate control system setup in buildings.
Condenser Coil: This Condenser Coil is an essential component in cooling systems, releasing heat outside. It promotes the heat exchange needed for effective indoor climate management.
Ductwork: Ductwork is essential for distributing cooled air around a building. Suitable duct design and installation are critical for efficient climate management system positioning.
Ventilation: Efficient Ventilation is crucial for proper airflow and indoor air quality. It has a key role in assuring maximum operation and effectiveness of climate control equipment.
Heat Pump: Heat Pumps transfer heat, providing both heating and cooling. They are essential components in modern climate control system setups, offering energy-efficient temperature regulation.
Split System: Split systems offer both cooling and heating through an indoor unit linked to an outdoor compressor. They provide a ductless solution for temperature control in certain rooms or areas.
Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems cool whole homes from a sole, powerful unit. Correct setup of these systems is vital for streamlined and functional home chilling.
Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling efficiency: a greater Energy Efficiency Ratio shows improved operation and lower energy consumption for climate control systems. Selecting a unit with a high Energy Efficiency Ratio can significantly reduce long-term costs when installing a new climate control system.
Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressors alter cooling production to match demand, boosting efficiency and convenience in HVAC systems. This precise modulation reduces power waste and keeps stable thermals in building environments.
Compressor Maintenance: Compressor Maintenance ensures effective operation and lifespan in cooling systems. Ignoring it can lead to costly repairs or system breakdowns when establishing climate control.
Air Filter: Air Filter capture dirt and debris, making sure of pure air flow inside HVAC systems. This enhances system efficiency and indoor air condition during climate control process.
Installation Manual: The Installation Manual offers crucial direction for correctly installing a cooling system. It guarantees correct procedures are followed for peak performance and safety during the unit's setup.
Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is essential for powering and regulating the components of climate control systems. Proper wiring ensures secure and efficient functioning of the cooling and heating units.
Indoor Unit: Indoor Unit circulates conditioned air inside a space. This is a vital component for climate control systems, ensuring correct temp control in buildings.
Outdoor Unit: This Outdoor Unit houses the compressor and condenser, dissipating heat outside. It's essential for a full climate control system installation, guaranteeing effective cooling inside.
Maintenance: Regular care ensures effective operation and extends the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance prevents failures and improves the efficiency of installed cooling setups.
Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is essential for reducing energy consumption and costs when setting up new climate control systems. Prioritizing efficient equipment and proper setup reduces environmental impact and maximizes long-term savings.
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics explains how heat transfers and converts energy, crucial for cooling system system. Efficient climate control creation relies on thermodynamic principles to maximize energy use during setup placement.
Building Codes: Building Codes ensure proper and safe HVAC system setup in buildings. They govern aspects such as energy performance and air flow for climate control systems.
Load Calculation: Load Calculation figures out the heating and cooling needs of a area. This is essential for selecting appropriately dimensioned HVAC equipment for optimal environmental control.
Mini Split: Mini Splits provide a no-duct approach to temperature management, providing targeted heating and cooling. The simple installation renders them appropriate for spaces where adding ductwork for temperature control is unfeasible.
Air Handler: The Air Handler moves treated air throughout a building. It's a critical component for correct climate control system setup.
Insulation: Thermal protection is vital for keeping efficient temperature control within a building. It reduces heat transfer, reducing the workload on air conditioning and optimizing temperature setups.
Drainage System: Drainage systems remove condensate generated by air conditioning equipment. Correct drainage avoids water damage and assures effective operation of HVAC setups.
Filter: Strainers are vital components that eliminate contaminants from the air during the installation of climate control systems. This ensures purer air circulation and protects the system's internal parts.
Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems control inside climate by regulating temperature, humidity, and air quality. Proper installation of these systems ensures efficient and effective cooling and climate control within buildings.
Split System Air Conditioner: Split System Air Conditioner offer effective cooling and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their design eases the procedure of setting up climate control in homes and businesses.
Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are trained professionals who specialize in the installation of temperature regulation systems. They guarantee correct functionality and efficiency of these systems for ideal indoor comfort.
Indoor Air Quality: Indoor Air Quality substantially impacts comfort and health, so HVAC system installation should emphasize filtration and ventilation. Appropriate system design and setup is essential for improving air quality.
Condensate Drain: The Condensate Drain removes water generated throughout the cooling process, stopping harm and keeping system efficiency. Proper drain assembly is crucial for successful climate control installation and long-term performance.
Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems accurately regulate refrigerant volume to different zones, offering tailored cooling and heating. This technology is essential for establishing effective and flexible climate control in building environments.
Building Automation System: Building Automation System orchestrate and optimize the functioning of HVAC equipment. This results in enhanced climate control and energy efficiency in buildings.
Air Conditioning: Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems control indoor temperature and air quality. Proper installation of these systems is key for optimized and effective Air Conditioning.
Temperature Control: Precise temperature regulation is essential for effective climate control system setup. It ensures optimal performance and comfort in new cooling systems.
Thermistor: Thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors used in weather control systems to accurately measure air temperature. This data assists to control system operation, ensuring optimal performance and energy efficiency in environmental control setups.
Thermocouple: Temperature sensors are temperature sensors essential for assuring proper HVAC system setup. They accurately gauge temperature, allowing precise modifications and peak climate control performance.
Digital Thermostat: Digital Thermostats precisely regulate temperature, optimizing HVAC system operation. They are essential for establishing home climate regulation systems, ensuring efficient and comfortable environments.
Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats improve HVAC systems by enabling personalized temperature schedules. This leads to enhanced energy efficiency and comfort in residential AC setups.
Smart Thermostat: Clever thermostats streamline house climate control by learning user preferences and changing the temperature on their own. They play a critical role in today's HVAC system configurations, improving energy savings and convenience.
Bimetallic Strip: A bimetallic strip, composed of two metals that have different expansion rates, bends in response to temperature changes. This characteristic is used in HVAC systems to control thermostats and regulate heating or cooling operations.
Capillary Tube Thermostat: A Capillary Tube Thermostat precisely regulates temperature in cooling systems through remote sensing. The component is vital for maintaining desired climate control inside buildings.
Thermostatic Expansion Valve: The Thermostatic Expansion Valve regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator, maintaining best cooling. This component is essential for effective operation of refrigeration and air conditioning systems in buildings.
Setpoint: Setpoint is the desired temperature a climate management system intends to achieve. It directs the system's performance during climate management configurations to preserve preferred comfort levels.
Temperature Sensor: Temperature sensing devices are essential for controlling warming, ventilation, and cooling systems by monitoring air temperature and ensuring effective climate control. Their data assists optimize system performance during climate control setup and maintenance.
Feedback Loop: The Feedback Loop assists in regulating temperature during climate control system installation by constantly monitoring and modifying settings. This guarantees peak performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
Control System: Control Systems govern heat, humidity, and air circulation in air conditioning setups. They assure ideal well-being and energy savings in temperature-controlled environments.
Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is achieved when components attain the same temperature, crucial for efficient climate control system setup. Proper balance assures maximum performance and energy savings in set up cooling systems.
Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how effectively materials transfer heat, impacting the cooling system setup. Selecting materials with suitable thermal properties guarantees peak performance of installed climate control systems.
Thermal Insulation: Thermal Insulation minimizes heat transfer, assuring efficient cooling by lessening the workload on climate control systems. This improves energy efficiency and keeps consistent temperatures in buildings.
On Off Control: On-Off Control keeps desired temperatures by fully activating or turning off cooling systems. This simple method is important for regulating temperature within buildings during environmental control system installation.
Pid Controller: PID Controllers precisely regulate temps in HVAC systems. This makes sure efficient temperature regulation during facility temperature configuration and functioning.
Evaporator: This Evaporator takes in heat from within a space, cooling the air. This is a vital part in temperature control systems created for home comfort.
Condenser: The Condenser unit is a critical component in cooling systems, dissipating heat extracted from the indoor space to the external environment. Its accurate setup is key for effective climate control system placement and performance.
Chlorofluorocarbon: Chlorofluorocarbons have been previously common refrigerants which helped with refrigeration in many building systems. Their part has decreased due to environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbon are refrigerants typically used in cooling systems for structures and cars. Their proper management is crucial during the installation of climate control systems to prevent environmental damage and ensure effective operation.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons were once regularly used coolants in climate control systems for buildings. Their elimination has led to the implementation of more sustainable options for new HVAC systems.
Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) shows how much a given mass of greenhouse gas adds to global warming over a specified period compared to carbon dioxide. Choosing refrigerants with lower GWP is key when building climate control systems to minimize environmental impact.
Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental risks. Technicians servicing cooling systems must adhere to regulations to prevent further damage.
Phase Change: Phase Change of refrigerants are vital for efficiently transferring heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation processes enable cooling by taking in heat indoors and expelling it outdoors.
Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are crucial for successful climate control system setup. Knowing conduction, convection, and radiation ensures optimal system functioning and energy efficiency during the course of installing home cooling.
Refrigeration Cycle: The cooling process transfers heat, allowing refrigeration in HVAC systems. Proper installation and maintenance make sure of effective operation and long life of these refrigeration options.
Environmental Protection Agency: The Environmental Protection Agency controls refrigerants and sets standards for HVAC system maintenance to safeguard the ozone layer and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians working with cooling equipment must be certified to guarantee proper refrigerant management and prevent environmental damage.
Leak Detection: Leak Detection makes certain the soundness of refrigerant lines after climate control system placement. Spotting and addressing leaks is crucial for optimal performance and environmental safety of newly installed climate control systems.
Pressure Gauge: Pressure gauges are essential tools for monitoring refrigerant levels during HVAC system setup. They assure peak performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within certain ranges for proper cooling operation.
Expansion Valve: This Expansion Valve controls refrigerant stream in refrigeration systems, permitting efficient heat uptake. It's a vital component for optimal performance in climate control setups.
Cooling Capacity: Cooling Capacity decides how effectively a system can lower the temperature of a space. Choosing the right capacity is important for optimal performance in placement of environmental control systems.
Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the procedure of removing and storing refrigerants during HVAC system installations. Properly recovering refrigerants prevents environmental damage and ensures efficient new cooling equipment installations.
Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling recovers and recycles refrigerants, reducing environmental effects. This procedure is vital when setting up climate control systems, guaranteeing responsible disposal and preventing ozone depletion.
Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) give crucial information on the secure handling and potential hazards of chemicals used in cooling system setup. Technicians rely on SDS data to protect themselves and prevent accidents during HVAC equipment installation and connection.
Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are essential liquids used in cooling systems to move heat. Their correct handling is key for effective climate control installation and maintenance.
Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is crucial for cooling buildings, allowing effective temperature control. It's a pivotal process in climate control system setup, facilitating the movement of heat to supply comfortable indoor spaces.
Cooling Cycle: Cooling Cycle is the key procedure of heat extraction, utilizing refrigerant to absorb and give off heat. This process is vital for efficient climate control system setup in buildings.
Scroll Compressor: Scroll Compressors effectively compress refrigerant for cooling systems. They are a vital component for efficient temperature regulation in buildings.
Reciprocating Compressor: Reciprocating Compressors are essential parts that squeeze refrigerant in cooling systems. They aid heat transfer , enabling effective climate regulation within structures.
Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are critical parts that boost refrigerant pressure in big climate management systems. They efficiently circulate refrigerant, allowing efficient cooling and heating throughout extensive areas.
Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressor are a critical component in cooling systems, using a spinning device to compress refrigerant. Their effectiveness and small size make them perfect for climate control setups in diverse applications.
Compressor Motor: The Compressor Motor is the driving force behind the refrigeration process, moving refrigerant. It is crucial for correct climate control system setup and function in buildings.
Compressor Oil: Compressor lubricant oils and seals moving parts inside a systems' compressor, guaranteeing efficient refrigerant compression for suitable climate regulation. It is crucial to choose the correct type of oil during system installation to ensure durability and peak performance of the cooling appliance.
Pressure Switch: The Pressure Switch observes refrigerant amounts, ensuring the system works safely. It stops damage by turning off the cooling apparatus if pressure drops outside the ok range.
Compressor Relay: A Compressor Relay is an electrical device that controls the compressor motor in cooling setups. It ensures the compressor begins and ceases correctly, allowing effective temperature control within climate control systems.
Suction Line: A Suction Line, a essential component in cooling systems, transports refrigerant vapor from the evaporator to the compressor. Correct sizing and insulation of the line are vital for efficient system operation during climate control setup.
Discharge Line: The discharge line transports hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper sizing and installation of this Discharge Line are critical for optimal cooling system configuration.
Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling capability of a system for indoor temperature control. Choosing the right capacity ensures effective temperature control during climate control installation.
Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the volume of heat that must to be taken away from a area to maintain a desired temperature. Correct cooling load calculation is important for appropriate HVAC system installation and sizing.
Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems operate optimally after they are setup. It's crucial for keeping effective climate control systems put in place.
Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leakage decrease cooling efficiency and can lead to equipment failure. Fixing these leaks is vital for appropriate climate control system configuration, guaranteeing optimal performance and longevity.
Seer Rating: SEER rating shows an HVAC system's cooling efficiency, affecting long-term energy expenses. Elevated SEER numbers imply greater energy savings when setting up climate control.
Hspf Rating: HSPF Rating shows the heating effectiveness of heat pumps. Increased ratings indicate better energy efficiency during climate control setup.
Preventative Maintenance: Preventative Maintenance makes sure HVAC systems operate effectively and dependably after setup. Consistent maintenance lessens breakdowns and lengthens the lifespan of climate control systems.
Airflow: Airflow guarantees effective cooling and heating spread throughout a building. Proper Airflow is essential for prime performance and comfort in climate control systems.
Electrical Components: Electrical Components are critical for energizing and managing systems that govern indoor climate. They ensure suitable functioning, safety, and effectiveness in heating and cooling arrangements.
Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the method of introducing the correct quantity of refrigerant to a cooling system. This guarantees optimal operation and efficiency when configuring climate control units.
System Diagnosis: System Diagnosis detects potential issues before, during, and following HVAC system installation. It guarantees optimal performance and prevents future troubles in climate control installations.
Hvac System: HVAC systems regulate heat, moisture, and atmosphere quality in buildings. They are critical for creating climate-control solutions in domestic and commercial areas.
Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless systems provide targeted temperature control without large ductwork. They simplify climate control setup in rooms lacking existing duct systems.
Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are standalone units installed in panes to chill individual rooms. They provide a straightforward method for localized temperature regulation inside a structure.
Portable Air Conditioner: Portable Air Conditioner units offer a versatile cooling option for spaces lacking central systems. They can also offer short-term temperature regulation during HVAC system configurations.
System Inspection: System Inspection ensures correct setup of cooling systems by confirming part integrity and compliance to installation standards. This procedure guarantees efficient operation and avoids future malfunctions in climate control systems.
Coil Cleaning: Cleaning coils ensures efficient heat transfer, vital for peak system performance. This maintenance process is essential for proper installation of climate control systems.
Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is critical for reinstating chilling capacity in climate control systems. It assures peak operation and longevity of recently installed environmental regulation units.
Capacitor: These devices provide the necessary energy increase to begin and operate motors inside of climate control systems. Their correct function guarantees effective and reliable operation of the cooling unit.
Contactor: A Contactor serves as an electrical switch which controls power to the outdoor unit's components. It enables the cooling system to turn on when necessary.
Blower Motor: This Blower Motor circulates air through the ductwork, enabling effective heating and cooling delivery within a building. It is a key component for indoor climate control systems, ensuring consistent temperature and airflow.
Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the functionality of newly set-up climate control systems. Technicians must fix this issue to guarantee efficient and reliable cooling operation.
Troubleshooting: Fixing identifies and fixes issues that arise during climate control system installation. Effective fixing guarantees best system performance and stops future issues during building cooling appliance installation.
Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and reprocesses spent refrigerants. This process is essential for eco-friendly climate control system establishment.
Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol eliminates ozone-depleting materials utilized in cooling systems. This change necessitates using alternative refrigerants in new environmental control setups.
Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse gases trap heat, affecting the power efficiency and environmental footprint of climate control system setups. Choosing refrigerants with reduced global warming potential is crucial for eco-friendly weather control execution.
Cfc: Chlorofluorocarbons were once critical refrigerants in refrigeration systems for structures and vehicles. Their use has been phased out due to their damaging impact on the ozone layer.
Hcfc: HCFCs were once typical refrigerants utilized in cooling systems for structures and vehicles. They facilitated the process of establishing climate control systems, but are now being phased out due to their ozone-depleting properties.
Hfc: HFCs are commonly used refrigerants in refrigeration systems for buildings. Their correct handling is crucial during the establishment of these systems to reduce environmental impact.
Refrigerant Oil: Refrigerant oil oils the compressor in cooling systems, assuring smooth operation and a long lifespan. It's crucial for the correct operation of cooling setups.
Phase-Out: Phase-Out is about the progressive elimination of specific refrigerants with elevated global warming capacity. This affects the selection and maintenance of climate control systems in buildings.
Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's potential to heat the planet if released. Lower GWP refrigerants are increasingly preferred in climate-friendly HVAC system setups.
Odp: Odp refrigerants harm the ozone layer, influencing regulations for refrigeration system setup. Installers must utilize ozone-friendly alternatives during climate control equipment placement.
Ashrae: Ashrae defines criteria and recommendations for HVAC system installation. The standards assure optimized and secure environmental control systems implementation in structures.
Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems provide temperature and air quality regulation for indoor settings. They are essential for establishing cooling systems in buildings.
Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lessen cooling system efficiency and can harm the environment. Correct procedures during climate control unit installation are essential to prevent these leaks and ensure peak performance.
Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can significantly affect choices about switching to a new climate control system. Unexpected repair bills may encourage homeowners to put money in a complete home cooling system for future savings.
Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation involves installing heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. It's critical for allowing effective climate control within buildings.
Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance ensures efficient operation and prolongs system life. Appropriate maintenance is vital for smooth climate control system installations.
Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting identifies and resolves problems in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It ensures optimal performance during climate control unit setup and running.
Zoning Systems: Zoning Systems divide a building into individual areas for customized temperature control. This method optimizes well-being and energy efficiency during HVAC setup.
Compressor Types: Different Compressor Types are vital parts for efficient climate control systems. Their choice significantly impacts system efficiency and performance in environmental comfort applications.
Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, determining how effectively the system cools a space for a given energy input. Optimizing this efficiency directly impacts cooling system setup costs and long-term operational expenses.
Compressor Overheating: Compressor Overheating can seriously harm the device's core, leading to system failure. Proper installation guarantees adequate air flow and refrigerant levels, avoiding this problem in climate control system installations.
Compressor Failure: Compressor Failure halts the refrigeration process, needing expert service during climate control system setups. A defective compressor jeopardizes the entire system's performance and longevity when integrating it into a building.
Overload Protector: An protects the compressor motor from getting too hot during climate control system setup. It stops harm by automatically shutting off power when too much current or temperature is detected.
Fan Motor: Fan Motor move air through evaporator and condenser coils, a vital process for efficient climate control system installation. They facilitate heat transfer, guaranteeing peak cooling and heating performance within the designated space.
Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are essential components that connect the inside and outdoor units, circulating refrigerant to facilitate cooling. Their correct installation is essential for efficient and effective climate control system setup.
Condensing Unit: The Condensing Unit is the outside component in a cooling system. The unit rejects heat from the refrigerant, allowing indoor temperature regulation.
Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is critical for cooling systems to effectively eliminate unwanted heat from a cooled area. Proper Heat Rejection guarantees efficient performance and longevity of climate control systems.
System Efficiency: System Efficiency is vital for minimizing energy use and operational costs. Improving performance during climate control setup ensures long-term economy and environmental advantages.
Pressure Drop: Pressure Drop is the decrease in fluid pressure as it moves through a setup, impacting airflow in environmental control setups. Properly managing Pressure Drop is essential for peak performance and effectiveness in climate control systems.
Subcooling: Subcooling process ensures peak system operation by chilling the refrigerant under its condensing temperature. This process avoids flash gas, boosting cooling power and efficiency during HVAC system setup.
Superheat: Superheat makes sure that just vapor refrigerant goes into the compressor, which prevents damage. It's important to measure superheat during HVAC system setup to maximize cooling capabilities and efficiency.
Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the quantity of refrigerant in a system, vital for best cooling operation. Proper charging ensures effective heat transfer and avoids damage during climate control installation.
Corrosion: Corrosion degrades metallic elements, likely leading to leaks and system malfunctions. Protecting against Corrosion is vital for maintaining the effectiveness and longevity of climate control setups.
Fins: Fins increase the area of coils, increasing heat transfer effectiveness. This is vital for peak performance in climate control system installations.
Copper Tubing: Copper Tubing is vital for refrigerant transfer in climate control systems owing to its durability and effective heat transfer. Its dependable connections assure correct system operation during installation of temperature regulation units.
Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum Tubing is vital for transferring refrigerant in HVAC systems. Its light and rustproof properties make it perfect for linking internal and external units in HVAC setups.
Repair Costs: Unforeseen maintenance can greatly affect the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648

Bold City Heating & Air

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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

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6C9C+2H Baymeadows Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

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6 months ago

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

HVAC & Air Conditioning Repair in Jacksonville, FL

Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

24/7 Fast and Reliable. Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

Summer HVAC Tune Up for Just $89

Get your system ready for the heat!

We’ll inspect, clean, and fine tune your HVAC to boost efficiency, prevent breakdowns, and keep you cool all season long.

Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

We Believe In:

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Trusted Heating and Air Pros in Jacksonville

When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

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Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

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Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

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When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2]^[3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13]^[12]

An array of air conditioner condenser units outside a commercial office building

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15]^[16]^[17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20]^[21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28] In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30]^[31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38]^[39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40]^[41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8]^[43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46]^[47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1) condensing coil, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporator coil, 4) compressor

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48]^[49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55]^[54]^[56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57]^[58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

very small: <1.5 kW
small: 1.5–3.5 kW
medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
large: 7.2–14 kW
very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64]^[65]^[66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75]^[76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77]^[78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^[70]^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8]^[86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87]^[88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90]^[91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8]^[98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108]^[109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8]^[111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

The ventilation system of a regular earthship

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

A traditional Iranian solar cooling design using a wind tower

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115]^[116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119]^[120]

A pair of short windcatchers (*malqaf*) used in traditional architecture; wind is forced down on the windward side and leaves on the leeward side (*cross-ventilation*). In the absence of wind, the circulation can be driven with evaporative cooling in the inlet (which is also designed to catch dust). In the center, a *shuksheika* (roof lantern vent), used to shade the qa'a below while allowing hot air rise out of it (*stack effect*).^[11]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121]^[123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125]^[126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^[127]^{: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^[127]^{: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

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